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Distinctive marking of cultural property In accordance with the provisions of Article 16 erectile dysfunction brands purchase genuine cialis soft line, cultural property may bear a distinctive emblem so as to facilitate its recognition erectile dysfunction treatment without side effects generic 20 mg cialis soft. The High Contracting Parties undertake to introduce in time of peace into their military regulations or instructions such provisions as may ensure observance of the present Convention impotence treatment drugs buy genuine cialis soft line, and to foster in the members of their armed forces a spirit of respect for the culture and cultural property of all peoples erectile dysfunction treatment natural food buy cialis soft with visa. The High Contracting Parties undertake to plan or establish in peacetime, within their armed forces, services or specialist personnel whose purpose will be to secure respect for cultural property and to co-operate with the civilian authorities responsible for safeguarding it. There may be placed under special protection a limited number of refuges intended to shelter movable cultural property in the event of armed conflict, of centres containing monuments and other immovable cultural property of very great importance, provided that they: (a) are situated at an adequate distance from any large industrial centre or from any important military objective constituting a vulnerable point, such as, for example, an aerodrome, broadcasting station, establishment engaged upon work of national defence, a port or railway station of relative importance or a main line of communication; (b) are not used for military purposes. A refuge for movable cultural property may also be placed under special protection, whatever its location, if it is so constructed that, in all probability, it will not be damaged by bombs. A centre containing monuments shall be deemed to be used for military purposes whenever it is used for the movement of military personnel or material, even in transit. The same shall apply whenever activities directly connected with military operations, the stationing of military personnel, or the production of war material are carried on within the centre. The guarding of cultural property mentioned in paragraph 1 above by armed custodians specially empowered to do so, or the presence, in the vicinity of such cultural property, of police forces normally responsible for the maintenance of public order shall not be deemed to be use for military purposes. If any cultural property mentioned in paragraph 1 of the present Article is situated near an important military objective as defined in the said paragraph, it may nevertheless be placed under special protection if the High Contracting Party asking for that protection undertakes, in the event of armed conflict, to make no use of the objective and particularly, in the case of a port, railway station or aerodrome, to divert all traffic therefrom. Special protection is granted to cultural property by its entry in the " International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection ". This entry shall only be made, in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention and under the conditions provided for in the Regulations for the execution of the Convention. Immunity of cultural property under special protection the High Contracting Parties undertake to ensure the immunity of cultural property under special protection by refraining, from the time of entry in the International Register, from any act of hostility directed against such property and, except for the cases provided for in paragraph 5 of Article 8, from any use of such property or its surroundings for military purposes. Identification and control During an armed conflict, cultural property under special protection shall be marked with the distinctive emblem described in Article 16, and shall be open to international control as provided for in the Regulations for the execution of the Convention. If one of the High Contracting Parties commits, in respect of any item of cultural property under special protection, a violation of the obligations under Article 9, the opposing Party shall, so long as this violation persists, be released from the obligation to ensure the immunity of the property concerned. Nevertheless, whenever possible, the latter Party shall first request the cessation of such violation within a reasonable time. Apart from the case provided for in paragraph 1 of the present Article, immunity shall be withdrawn from cultural property under special protection only in exceptional cases of unavoidable military necessity, and only for such time as that necessity continues. Such necessity can be established only by the officer commanding a force the equivalent of a division in size or larger. Whenever circumstances permit, the opposing Party shall be notified, a reasonable time in advance, of the decision to withdraw immunity. The Party withdrawing immunity shall, as soon as possible, so inform the CommissionerGeneral for cultural property provided for in the Regulations for the execution of the Convention, in writing, stating the reasons. Transport exclusively engaged in the transfer of cultural property, whether within a territory or to another territory, may, at the request of the High Contracting Party concerned, take place under special protection in accordance with the conditions specified in the Regulations for the execution of the Convention. Transport under special protection shall take place under the international supervision provided for in the aforesaid Regulations and shall display the distinctive emblem described in Article 16. The High Contracting Parties shall refrain from any act of hostility directed against transport under special protection. If a High Contracting Party considers that the safety of certain cultural property requires its transfer and that the matter is of such urgency that the procedure laid down in Article 12 cannot be followed, especially at the beginning of an armed conflict, the transport may display the distinctive emblem described in Article 16, provided that an application for immunity referred to in Article 12 has not already been made and refused. As far as possible, notification of transfer should be made to the opposing Parties. Nevertheless, transport conveying cultural property to the territory of another country may not display the distinctive emblem unless immunity has been expressly granted to it. The High Contracting Parties shall take, so far as possible, the necessary precautions to avoid acts of hostility directed against the transport described in paragraph 1 of the present Article and displaying the distinctive emblem. Immunity from seizure, placing in prize, or capture shall be granted to: (a) cultural property enjoying the protection provided for in Article 12 or that provided for in Article 13; Protection of cultural property in armed conflict (b) the means of transport exclusively engaged in the transfer of such cultural property. Personnel As far as is consistent with the interests of security, personnel engaged in the protection of cultural property shall, in the interests of such property, be respected and, if they fall into the hands of the opposing Party, shall be allowed to continue to carry out their duties whenever the cultural property for which they are responsible has also fallen into the hands of the opposing Party. The distinctive emblem of the Convention shall take the form of a shield, pointed below, per saltire blue and white (a shield consisting of a royal-blue square, one of the angles of which forms the point of the shield, and of a royal-blue triangle above the square, the space on either side being taken up by a white triangle). The emblem shall be used alone, or repeated three times in a triangular formation (one shield below), under the conditions provided for in Article 17.

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Movement of persons and international migration law Refugees Statelessness Internally displaced persons Migrant workers Book Two Chapter X impotence legal definition buy cheap cialis soft 40 mg online. Declaration renouncing the use doctor yourself erectile dysfunction purchase 40 mg cialis soft, in time of war erectile dysfunction over 75 purchase discount cialis soft on-line, of explosive projectiles under 400 grammes weight erectile dysfunction and urologist order cialis soft 40 mg visa. Protocol for the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare. Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces in the field. Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of wounded, sick and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (Protocol I). Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. Amendment to Article I of the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. Convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict. Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. International Convention against the recruitment, use, financing and training of mercenaries. Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction. Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction. Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of antipersonnel mines and on their destruction. Dadzie of Ghana proposed the establishment of this programme when he served as Vice-Chairman of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly at its 18th session in 1963. The International Law Handbook is a collection of instruments used by the Codification Division as study materials for its training courses under the Programme of Assistance. This publication was prepared to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the Programme in 2015 and to promote the teaching and dissemination of international law around the world. It is available on the United Nations Programme of Assistance website as well as the Audiovisual Library of International Law free of charge. The International Law Handbook is intended to be used as a general work of reference. It comprises four books: Book One contains the Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, as well as instruments relating to the law of treaties, subjects of international law, diplomatic and consular relations, international responsibility, peaceful settlement of international disputes, international peace and security, international human rights law as well as movement of persons and international migration law. Book Two contains instruments relating to the law of armed conflict, international criminal law as well as disarmament and non-proliferation. Book Three contains instruments relating to the law of the sea, international environmental law and international watercourses. Book Four contains instruments relating to international labour law, law of cultural relations as well as international trade and investment law. For ease of reference, each book includes an overview of the content of all four books, as well as a detailed table of contents for each respective volume. The texts incorporate amendments and corrections to the instruments subsequent to their entry into force, as appropriate, and whether or not the amendments have entered into force for all parties. Only the texts of the instruments as kept in the custody of the respective depositary constitute the authentic versions.

Nevertheless there are very real differences in capacity between indigenous communities and mainstream societies with regard to the wherewithal to manage their respective cultural heritages antihypertensive that causes erectile dysfunction generic cialis soft 20 mg online. This imbalance needs to be addressed at the coal-face with respect to real capacity building through archaeological projects as well as enhancing educational opportunities for the members of indigenous and minority groups erectile dysfunction drugs available in india purchase generic cialis soft from india. It seems as if only a very few academic archaeologists have made a real difference in the education of indigenous and third world archaeologists while many others have done very little to further the archaeological careers of the peoples that they work with erectile dysfunction workup quality 40 mg cialis soft. Rebuilding of archaeological sites has been held by some practitioners to be an uncomfortable exercise and the examples of over-rebuilding of heritage places are legion being overweight causes erectile dysfunction order cialis soft on line amex. Pressure is growing from management 155 Part I history and the tourist industry to provide neat and clean facilities (including ruins) and consumable and readily understandable heritage packages through the radical transformation of rather disorderly archaeological sites such that all manner of hypothetical alterations are being undertaken. One cannot help but be uncomfortable when visiting a heritage place and noting that its current appearance could not in any way resemble its form during its "real life" when it was populated by "real people". Authenticity of fabric and the limits of acceptable change need to be brought to the fore when interpreting places to the public. No excuses should be given for not detailing in the site interpretation the changes that have taken place during the hypothetical reconstruction. Development and economics, as discussed above, are almost impossible to disentangle and very much drive the heritage agenda. Archaeology as a tool of development is known to be both a positive and a negative force, as is discussed above with respect to the "Hill of Tara". Although the value of archaeology in local capacity building is assumed, one of the few articles dealing specifically with archaeology and development is by G. Trotzig, "The cultural dimension of development-an archaeological approach", in Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World, edited by H. There are publications presenting vague anecdotal accounts of what archaeology can add to the quality of life in third world countries but nothing that provides hard-core economic data. Reed bed sewerage treatment, energy production by forest waste wood, use of traditional fruit varieties for commercial juice production and sale have contributed to sustainability within which landscape heritage features prominently. Archaeology needs to construct well-documented and persuasive arguments for the inclusion of archaeology as a component of development and as a tool for capacity building. Threats to the archaeological heritage seem to be endless when one takes into account both natural and cultural forces. In the last two meetings of the World Archaeology Congress, the impact of the American invasion of Iraq on cultural heritage resources, in particular 156 Reading 20 egloff and comer archaeological sites and museum collections, has been discussed and deplored. The considerable damage inflicted on archaeological resources has been well documented but the appropriate relationship of academic and professional archaeologists in terms of cooperating with military powers leading up to and during the invasion of a country is less well defined. There seems to be scope for a broader and thoughtful discussion of the ethics of archaeologists, be they situation specific or not, when as individuals they are embedded in military operations. Transfer of tainted or illicit artifacts is of considerable concern to archaeologists with the looting of heritage places continuing unabated in spite of considerable effort by heritage managers. The Society for American Archaeology (1996) has within its code of ethics a statement that "Wherever possible, they should discourage, and should themselves avoid, activities that enhance the commercial value of archaeological objects, especially objects that are not curated in public institutions, or readily available for scientific study, public interpretation, and display". Why include the clause "not curated in public institutions", as upon extensive first-hand research (refer to Egloff 2008 for references and a more detailed discussion), public institutions and quasi-public galleries broadcast a highly visible elitist statement that they will do what they believe to be the best for both their institution and the wider cultural world and in doing so add to their collections whatsoever they wish to . Natural forces and in particular changing climatic regimes, and the measures that human societies have taken to adapt to change have been the topic of archaeological inquiry. More recently the impact of climate change on the conservation of archaeological resources has begun to take centre stage. The most concentrated effort being undertaken by the University College London with the establishment of the Centre for Sustainable Heritage that specifically considers impacts of the changing climate on the historic environment (Cassar 2005). Dissemination of archaeological information has grown apace with the 20th Century publication explosion and the creation of Internet Web sites that protest the destruction of archaeological places. Advocacy of archaeological conservation issues is of considerable concern to the international community of conservation heritage managers. Summary Seemingly distinct issues merge when discussing topics of particular interest.

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Finally erectile dysfunction medication covered by insurance buy cialis soft with a mastercard, professional groups impotence from alcohol purchase cialis soft 40mg otc, such as the Society of Professional Archaeologists erectile dysfunction what to do purchase 20 mg cialis soft with mastercard, might function to educate and ramipril erectile dysfunction treatment order cialis soft overnight, if necessary, put pressure on salvage-funding institutions unwilling to support an acceptable standard of archaeological work. In fact, there is and probably will continue to be room for all three of the approaches just noted. Conduct of Academic, or Pure Problem-Oriented, Research I have already spent a good deal of space arguing that the salvage archaeologist must not only collect data on a broad front for the future use of other researchers but that he must also maintain a strong primary problem orientation. A strong problem orientation is necessary if the archaeologist is to contribute to the intellectual life and continuing evolution of the field. Whereas the salvage archaeologist can justify his work both in terms of his problem orientation and in terms of saving a representative sample of information for the future, the academic researcher has only his archaeological problem as justification for his work. It seems to me that from a conservationist view the archaeologist who plans to work with sites not immediately threatened has the responsibility to provide a full and explicit theoretical justification for the proposed work. Furthermore, such justification should also present evidence that the research problem could not be adequately investigated as part of a salvage program currently accessible to him. In other words, I am arguing that all archaeologists need strong problem orientations. A conservationist model would further require that the data needed for these investigations be sought, if possible, from sites threatened with immediate destruction. I am perfectly willing to grant that many problems may require that unthreatened sites be worked with. But I would argue that such sites should not be attacked if ones that need to be salvaged would be adequate for the data requirements of the problem. There will of course be practical problems in bringing together the archaeologist, the problem, and the appropriate sites. Salvage-funding agencies will therefore need to maintain flexibility in awarding contracts in order to help archaeologists achieve the desired "matches. The primary differences, then, between the salvage archaeologist and the academic researcher are that the former works with sites for which destruction is imminent, while the latter does not; that the former is responsible for gathering data beyond his problem needs, while the latter is less constrained to do so; and that the former may excavate as much as his maximal data-gathering strategy, time, and money will allow, while the latter should leave as much of the site or sites as possible for future workers. Achieving this last objective requires a research and sampling design that makes economical use of the resource. If digging 25 rooms of a 100-room pueblo will provide reliable data for the problems of concern, why dig 50 rooms Furthermore, maps and records must be explicit enough so that future workers can tell where excavation was done or surface collections made, and these maps and records must be archived so that future workers will have access to this information. Placing nondeteriorating markers in excavations before backfilling will be of help to future archaeologists conducting additional work on the site. The sampling design should attempt to insure that the work does not entirely eliminate some of the varieties of archaeological contexts from a site or region. The objective should be to leave as representative a sample of material in the project area as possible. In conclusion, a conservation model implies that there should be no sharp distinction between salvage archaeologists and academic research archaeologists. To the extent that his research problem can be carried out on sites threatened with imminent destruction, the archaeologist is doing salvage and must accept certain data definitions and sampling responsibilities beyond the immediate needs of his problem. To the extent that his research problem requires work on sites not immediately threatened he is doing pure problem-oriented, or academic, research, and this imposes other types of conservation responsibilities. Acknowledgments this chapter had its beginnings in comments delivered at the Symposium on Archaeological Conservation, organized by Ray Matheny, at the 1971 meeting of the Society for American Archaeology in Norman, Oklahoma. The first draft of the present version was prepared for the Symposium on Salvaging Salvage Archaeology, organized by Tom King, at the 1972 meeting of the Society for American Archaeology at Miami Beach, Florida. This chapter is essentially a slightly shortened and editorially revised version of the Kiva article. I recognize that portions of it now appear dated, but feel that the principles articulated in it are still relevant to contemporary American archaeology. Education of the public concerning the value of archaeological resources: Introduction of study materials into public school systems. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Norman, Okla. Operational manual: University of Utah-National Park Service upper Colorado River basin archeological salvage project.

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It looks at the nature and volume of tobacco issue coverage and provides a content analysis of news media items referring to tobacco impotence psychological treatment discount cialis soft 20mg online. It also examines common framing issues for tobacco-related news items as well as relationships with outcome measures and tobacco industry efforts to influence media coverage erectile dysfunction gel treatment generic cialis soft 40mg online. The news media represent a key source of health information for the general public erectile dysfunction uk cialis soft 20mg free shipping. Despite this erectile dysfunction caused by heart medication buy cheap cialis soft on-line, organized media advocacy efforts on behalf of tobacco control issues remain an underutilized area of activity within public health. These trends include the underrepresentation of tobacco farming diversification in the farming press, 17 Part 3-Tobacco in News and Entertainment Media Chapter 9. How the News Media Influence Tobacco Use this chapter examines news media coverage of tobacco issues and its ultimate 1. Overview and Conclusions a tendency of articles to challenge the science behind secondhand smoke issues, and positive coverage of the growth in cigar smoking. However, news coverage often focuses on specific areas such as tobacco control policies, the outcomes of tobacco lawsuits, or the disbursement of Master Settlement Agreement funds. Large-scale studies have yet to be undertaken investigating associations between tobacco-related news coverage and attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes related to tobacco use. These studies face challenges in separating the effects of news coverage from those of the interventions or policy changes they describe. Paid tobacco advertising tends to suppress or reduce news coverage of tobacco-related issues, particularly in magazines. Role of Entertainment Media in Promoting or Discouraging Tobacco Use this chapter looks at the impact of media channels for entertainment on attitudes and outcomes related to smoking in an environment in which American youth are exposed to more than five hours per day of media from television and other sources. It describes portrayals of tobacco products and tobacco use in the movies together with a discussion of other channels such as television, music, magazines, and the Internet. It also looks at the influence of such portrayals on social attitudes and behaviors related to smoking, as well as current strategies for reducing media exposure to tobacco products. Children and adolescents in the United States have heavy exposure to entertainment media, with an average of 5. Portrayals of tobacco in movies include images of tobacco use and images of tobacco product brand names and logos. Depictions of smoking are pervasive in movies, occurring in three-quarters or more of contemporary box-office hits. Identifiable cigarette brands appeared in about one-third of movies released during the 1990s. Smoking prevalence among contemporary movie characters is approximately 25%, Monograph 19. Smokers in movies differ from smokers in the general population: the former are more likely to be affluent and white. Cross-sectional studies show that, among adolescents, exposure to smoking in movies is associated with initiation of smoking, independent of several other factors such as smoking by friends and family. Cross-sectional studies also indicate that among adolescent never smokers, exposure to smoking in movies is associated with more positive attitudes toward smoking. The total weight of evidence from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies, combined with the high theoretical plausibility from the perspective of social influences, indicates a causal relationship between exposure to movie smoking depictions and youth smoking initiation. It also discusses examples of advertising themes used in tobacco control programs, research on factors in effective tobacco control advertising campaigns, 19 1. Overview and Conclusions and the potential for "new-media" channels such as interactive health communications using the Internet. Much research on tobacco control media interventions revolves around television, regarded as the most powerful medium. Advertisements for smoking cessation products and tobacco-industry-sponsored 20 smoking prevention advertising have been shown to elicit significantly poorer target audience appraisals than do advertisements based on negative health consequences. Studies have shown that particular characteristics of advertisements (such as those eliciting negative emotion) are more important than demographic factors (such as race/ ethnicity, nationality, and age group) in driving immediate advertising-related appraisals and indicators of message processing. Because many smokers search the Internet for help to quit, interactive Web-based health communications may have potential for assisting smoking cessation.

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