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Family allowances are frequently proportionate to muscle relaxant neck proven urispas 200 mg the number of children (Kalwij spasms piriformis purchase urispas 200mg without prescription, 2010) spasms headache buy urispas from india, hence discouraging natality would consist in limiting allowances to muscle relaxer 75 discount urispas 200mg without prescription one or two children (Cochet, 2009). Not all birth limitation policies need to resemble the kind of totalitarian Malthusianism that is often assumed to accompany it, but rather can be stimulated through various socio-economic incentives and disincentives. The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa programme, as discussed below (Box 2. Almost inconceivably, for the first time in human history, geophysical, climatic and biological changes are outrunning the time of political decision-making and are reaching the point of no return, as recently confirmed by an opinion paper signed by more than 15000 scientists (Ripple et al. Markets and economic competition still govern international relations, which in turn, often ignore the impacts of land degradation, overexploitation of natural assets and climate change on quality of life and human well-being (Chan et al. Some of the principles or issues that could have been considered as efficient instruments to build a common ground for negotiation were not adopted because of this tension. To explain these consensual positions, the concept of "hegemony" is worth exploring. Both of these were coined in the 1930s by Italian philosopher and dissident Antonio Gramsci. As Karriem (2009:317) put it: "for Gramsci (1971), ruling class hegemony is not based on force alone, but on a combination of coercion and consent. That is, a hegemonic class rules by incorporating some of the interests of subordinate classes. On the other hand, the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa programme has been criticized by both scientists and international organizations. This assessment involved 400 researchers and dozens of national delegates (including those from Sub-Saharan Africa), who strongly recommended the adoption of agroecology as a sustainable practice. The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa was also criticized by the special rapporteur on the Right to Food, in a statement submitted in 2009 to the Human Rights Council of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Schutter, 2009). The conclusions of the Report on the Right to Food (Schutter, 2010) were identical. Indeed, a recent review showed that the cost of externalities provoked by pesticides is greater than the benefits of an increase in production (Bourguet & Guillemaud, 2016; Marcus & Simon, 2015; van Lexmond et al. Land investment by multinational corporations can the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa launched in 2006, is mainly funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The current President of the African Development Bank declared, in 2016, that agriculture is a business and highlighted the importance of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa for African food security (see. The programme sets out to: encourage private investors in the agricultural sector; adopt hybrid varieties. This view was expressed in a programmatic paper signed by two members of the Rockefeller Foundation and by the President of the African Bank of Development (Toenniessen et al. While the objective of an African Green Revolution is to ensure cereal self-sufficiency by 2050 (van Ittersum et al. Most of the literature dealing with ex-post evaluation in several African countries (Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania and others) insist on the very context-specific successes or failures of this trend towards modernization and market-based policy (Dawson et al. One of the inhibiting factors is the strongly anchored traditional seed exchange system, reluctant to adopt hybrid varieties (Louwaars & de Boef, 2012). A comparison between Asian and African Green Revolution shows that in the case of the former, the countries (especially India and Indonesia) were strongly supported and oriented by States, whereas Green Revolution in Africa relies more on markets for internal and external demand (Fischer, 2016). The same author asserts that African Green Revolution, contrarily to the Asian one, is not scale-neutral. The main waste occurs in the phase of post-harvest handling and storage (35%), processing (12%) and distribution (12%). When the estimation is based on the number of calories, food loss in Sub-Saharan Africa goes up to 39%, while the main losses occur in the post-harvest handling phase (see Figure 2. Food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa could (from these numbers) be considered a problem of conditioning and supply chain rather than one of production. New policy instruments could be used to facilitate international negotiations by fostering transnational and agreements. Some studies have been made to explore the possibilities to extend it as a fundamental principle in environmental law and as a powerful tool for policymakers. Originally, ecological solidarity serves to guide the definition of ecological territories around protected areas, but it could convey a more global message based on the commonly shared idea that humans are part of their environment.

This work plan will enable the Service to spasms quadriceps buy urispas online from canada again prioritize its workload based on the needs of candidate species spasms definition order 200 mg urispas with visa, while also providing state wildlife agencies spasms top of stomach order 200 mg urispas, stakeholders muscle relaxant for back pain 200mg urispas amex, and other partners clarity and certainty about when listing determinations will be made. On July 12, 2011, the Service reached an agreement with a second frequent plaintiff group and further strengthened the work plan, which will allow the agency to focus its resources on the species most in need of protection under the Act. The timing of this proposed listing is, in part, therefore, an outcome of the work plan. Status Assessment for Chromolaena frustrata, Consolea corallicola, and Harrisia aboriginum Background It is our intent to discuss below only those topics directly relevant to the listing of Chromolaena frustrata, Consolea corallicola, and Harrisia aboriginum as endangered in this section of the proposed rule. Chromolaena frustrata General Biology Chromolaena frustrata (Family: Asteraceae) is a perennial herb. The leaves have three distinct veins, are roughly oval or egg shaped, and have toothed edges. The blue to lavender flowers are borne in heads usually in clusters of two to six. Flowers are produced mostly in the fall, though sometimes year round (Nesom 2006, pp. Taxonomy, Life History, and Distribution Chromolaena frustrata was first reported by Chapman in 1886, from the Florida Keys, who called it Eupatorium heteroclinium (Chapman 1889, p. The authors of Vascular Plants of Florida recognize Chromolaena frustrata (Wunderlin and Hansen 2008, pp. Robinson Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on. Freezes can occur in the winter months, but are very infrequent at this latitude in Florida. Habitat Chromolaena frustrata grows in open canopy habitats, including coastal berms and coastal rock barrens, and in semi-open to closed canopy habitats, including buttonwood forests and rockland hammocks. Coastal Berm Coastal berms are landscape features found along low-energy coastlines in south Florida and the Florida Keys. Coastal berm is a short forest or shrub thicket found on long, narrow, stormdeposited ridges of loose sediment formed by a mixture of coarse shell fragments, pieces of coralline algae, and other coastal debris. These ridges parallel the shore and may be found on the seaward edge or landward edge of the mangroves or farther inland depending on the height of the storm surge that formed them. Structure and composition of the vegetation is variable depending on height and time since the last storm event. The most stable berms may share some tree species with rockland hammocks, but generally have a greater proportion of shrubs and herbs. Tree species may include Bursera simaruba (gumbo limbo), Coccoloba uvifera (seagrape), Coccothrinax argentata (silver palm), Guapira discolor (blolly), Drypetes diversifolia (milkbark), Genipa clusiifolia (seven year apple), and Metopium toxiferum (poisonwood). Characteristic tall shrub and short tree species include Eugenia foetida (Spanish stopper), Ximenia americana (hog plum), Randia aculeata (white indigoberry), Pithecellobium keyense (Florida Keys blackbead), and Sideroxylon celastrinum (saffron plum). Short shrubs and herbs include Hymenocallis latifolia (perfumed spiderlily), Capparis flexuosa (bayleaf capertree), Lantana involucrata (buttonsage), and Rivina humilis (rougeplant). Coastal berms that are deposited far enough inland and remain long-undisturbed may in time succeed to hammock. Coastal Rock Barren Also known as Keys tidal rock barren or Keys cactus barren, coastal rock barren is confined to the Florida Keys on limestone bedrock along shores facing both Florida Bay and the Straits of Florida. The amount of exposed rock varies from practically 0 to over 50 percent of the area. In tidal rock barrens, patches of low, salt-tolerant herbaceous species include Borrichia frutescens and B. Conocarpus erectus is the dominant woody plant and varies from stunted, sprawling, multi-stemmed shrubs to tree size. Other typical woody species are Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Lycium carolinianum (christmasberry). In cactus barrens, the vegetation consists of a wide variety of herbaceous and succulent species which characteristically includes cacti, agaves, and several rare herbs.

Integrated crop and livestock has been used to muscle relaxant half life order urispas 200 mg restore degraded croplands in North America muscle relaxant constipation buy generic urispas on line, Western Europe spasms pregnant belly cheap urispas 200mg without prescription, Brazil muscle relaxant hiccups discount urispas line, Uruguay and Argentina (Franzluebbers et al. Integrated crop and livestock - and integrated crop, livestock and forestry - have increased the amount of cultivated pasture in Brazil to nearly 101 million ha as compared to 57 million ha of native pasture. Striving for full adoption would not only result in substantial restoration of degraded croplands, but also enable Brazil to readily meet human demand for meat, crops, wood products and biofuel feedstocks until at least 2040, without any additional conversion of natural ecosystems (Strassburg et al. Agroecology Agroecological practices encompass a broad array of agricultural technologies that take advantage of natural processes and beneficial on-farm interactions in order to reduce off-farm input use and to improve the productivity and efficiency of farming systems, enhance food security by diversifying crop production and managing environmental and economic risks, and avoid agricultural land degradation (Altieri, 2002; Gliessman, 2014; Pretty et al. Such systems, based largely on indigenous and local knowledge, have been developed and used worldwide by farmers. They typically involve management practices such as cover crops, green manures, intercropping, agroforestry and crop-livestock mixtures that promote organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling, soil biological activity, natural control mechanisms (disease suppression, biocontrol of insects, weed interference), resource conservation and regeneration (soil, water, germplasm), and general enhancements of agrobiodiversity and synergisms between components (Altieri, 2002; Gliessman, 2014). Success of such initiatives has been found to depend on human capital enhancement and community empowerment - through training and participatory methods as well as access to markets, credit and income generating activities, and supportive government policies (Markwei et al. Conservation Area Change (1000 ha) +9113 +6309 +4832 +3628 +3570 +1500 +695 +600 +417 +400 Country United States of America Brazil Canada Argentina China India Australia Paraguay Uruguay Kazakhstan Data Years 2009, 2007 2012, 2006 2013, 2006 2013, 2009 2013, 2011 2013, none previous 2014, 2008 2013, 2008 2013, 2008 2013, 2011 6. It can also conserve biodiversity, improve air quality, reduce reliance on fossil fuels and native forests for fuelwood, help adapt to climate change, and provide economic, social, cultural and aesthetic benefits (Murthy et al. Similarly, in southern Niger, traditional agroforestry parklands have increased significantly across nearly 5 million ha through farmer-managed natural regeneration of a variety of native tree species (Reij et al. Agroforestry can be very important for mitigating and adapting to climate change in regions facing both land degradation and food security challenges (Mbow et al. It also has considerable potential for carbon sequestration (Albrecht & Kandji, 2003), because the above- and below-ground carbon density of typical tropical agroforestry systems is estimated at 12 to 228 Mg ha-1, with a median value of 95 Mg ha-1 (Albrecht & Kandji, 2003). The potential of agroforestry to serve as a carbon sink, however, depends on the climatic zone conditions and silvicultural practices including planting density, species choice and length of rotation (Nair et al. In summary, agroforestry-based land restoration initiatives are relevant for the planning and/or monitoring of national and international policy objectives related to landscape 448 6. Generally, in combination with agricultural crops, these subsystems include improved fallow (in shifting cultivation and rotational cropping), multilayer tree gardens and alley cropping. Use of Enhanced Plant Genetics the use of drought-resistant crop varieties by smallholder farmers to adapt to climate change and soil degradation in several African countries has been quite successful (Fisher et al. By including pulses in mixed cropping systems, water-use efficiency and nutrient cycling were improved (Valentin et al. Therefore, combining improved plant genetics with decreased tillage and efficient use of fertilizer and irrigation water can not only increase soil organic carbon, but contribute to climate change mitigation (Lal, 2002). Integrated Watershed Management Integrated watershed management provides another strategy to meet global demands of more than 9 billion people by the middle of the twenty-first century. Decreasing tillage frequency and intensity coupled with restoring or increasing soil organic carbon are two mitigation/restoration strategies that have been successfully demonstrated at the watershed scale (Box 6. It is both more cost-effective and conserves more biodiversity than is possible through restoration, at least in the medium term (Benayas et al. While the establishment of protected areas has frequently been the only mean to conserve large intact forest areas, other landscape-planning strategies that have been effective in avoiding deforestation, including restrictions of agricultural expansion in ecologically-fragile areas and biodiversity hotspots, and intensification of agriculture in fertile and geomorphologically stable areas (Chazdon et al. Deforestation can be avoided with controls over domestic and international markets for agricultural products where the supply chain for these products contributes to forest loss and degradation (Macedo et al. For example, the Soy Moratorium in Brazil, in which traders agreed not to purchase soy from lands deforested after July 2006 in the Brazilian Amazon, resulted in a decrease in annual soy expansion into forested areas from 30% to 1% after 2006 - although expansion of soy cultivation into pastures and cleared land increased (Gibbs et al. Many intact (formally or informally protected) forest areas are embedded within human-modified landscapes (Melo et al.

Community Health Centers An effective way to muscle relaxer kidney pain discount urispas online visa deliver health care to muscle relaxant vitamins minerals buy generic urispas 200 mg poor and other vulnerable populations is through community health centers spasms colon symptoms cheap urispas 200 mg visa. This predominantly federally funded initiative began in 1965 with two centers in poverty communities: rural Mississippi and inner city Boston spasms under belly button cheap urispas express, Massachusetts. Community health centers were founded to comprehensively meet the health care needs of poor, uninsured, high-risk individuals, and to do so in a way that benefits and fully involves the community. These principles are essential to the reduction and eventual elimination of health disparities. This has been shown in the areas of infant mortality, timely receipt of prenatal care, incidence of tuberculosis, and age-adjusted death rates. Even before a recession was declared in 2008, increasing numbers of children and adults were falling into poverty and becoming uninsured. This increased demand for care strained resources at community health centers especially for mental health services, oral health care, and specialist care. While community health centers are the source of care to one out of seven people in rural communities,245 there are problems with securing the financial viability of these health centers due to the sparse population density of rural and frontier communities. However, many communities do not have adequate transportation access to hospital facilities. Two such service delivery models are mobile medical clinics and school-based health centers. Mobile Medical Clinics Mobile medical clinics are an effective way to bring teams of health professionals to targeted populations in medically underserved areas. The interior of a mobile clinic may be adapted for mental health work with multiple soundproof treatment rooms that protect patient privacy and confidentiality. While the service delivery modality is different than at a typical fixed site community clinic, the clinical standard of care need not be is not compromised. Mobile clinics are effective ways to bring care to underserved communities in an enhanced medical home model. These are essential to ensure comprehensive and coordinated care to high-risk, medically underserved populations including homeless families, homeless youth, low-income children in rural and frontier counties, and inner city poor. When space is not available within a school building, an alternative model is to bring care to a site near the school. School-based health centers are an acknowledged way to provide the medical home model of care to underserved children253 and are recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. These improvements in health utilization were especially noted among minority and uninsured youth. Co-location and Integration of Mental Health and Primary Care Services Primary care settings have become an entrance point for patients to receive mental health services as well as one of the principal locations for delivery of mental health care. Integrating mental health services in primary care reduces the likelihood that initial mental health appointments will be missed with no intervention taking place following referral. Lack of follow-through at specialty mental health facilities often results in families discontinuing treatment prematurely, including use of prescribed psychotropic medications. Integrated health care models also encourage screening and identification for psychiatric disorders, reduce the burden for primary care providers to manage them, and reduce the need to make, track and follow up external referrals. Significant barriers to successful referral for mental health services were frequently reported. The consultation model uses faceto-face, telephone or video (telepsychiatry) linkages among primary care and mental health providers and is especially useful in underserved communities. Co-location models have mental health providers present at the primary care site, which facilitates access but not necessarily integration of services. The collaborative-integrative approach links primary care and mental health services together for comprehensive care in the medical home model. Primary care and mental health providers, using procedures that safeguard patient confidentiality, may share information to ensure seamless, holistic care that comprehensively meets patient needs. Steps are taken to ensure that children entering care for mental health services also receive pediatric care in a medical home model.

Surveys were administered to spasms from anxiety buy discount urispas 200mg line participants both before and after the program was implemented spasms body buy discount urispas online. The survey findings showed that before the program muscle relaxant glaucoma generic urispas 200 mg on line, 92 percent of respondents reported that they expected 12 the Road to spasms perineum discount urispas 200mg without prescription Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations to get into some kind of trouble and two-thirds thought that they would be victims of violent acts over the next three months. Following implementation of the basketball program, 20 percent of respondents stated that they expected to get into some kind of trouble, and only 5 percent expected to be crime victims. The evaluation of the midnight basketball program showed a 78 percent reduction in the juvenile offender crime rate among 16- to 20-year-olds in the precinct in which the public housing development was located. The primary reason for the decline, according to survey respondents, was that having a midnight basketball program gave them something positive to do. In this example program participants are the direct beneficiaries of the program, which they believe will help them stay out of trouble and avoid being victims of violent crime. Respondents reported feeling that both their community and their children were safer because of the midnight basketball program. In this case, community residents are indirect and at least short-term beneficiaries (depending on how long the gains last). The summary findings above could be used to demonstrate to residents and the community at large that this program was successful in preventing and reducing violence. Program administrators could also present the findings to the city council to justify a request for continued funding. Program administrators are indirect beneficiaries if continued funding allows them to keep their jobs longer. In the long term, society at large also benefits if young people stay out of jail, because it does not bear the costs of incarceration and lost productivity. Rather than sit in jail, these young people can perhaps become employable, productive, tax-paying citizens. An evaluation can also provide information on the process of implementing a program. Other public housing agencies (unintended beneficiaries) will be able to benefit from lessons learned during the program implementation phase and subsequent evaluation. In a second example, an intervention to build and maintain a water treatment plant brings safe drinking water to residents. A longer-term direct benefit to individuals in the community and the community at large would be decreased incidence of waterborne diseases. Indirect medium-term benefits may include attracting industries to the community because it has safe drinking water. Introducing Development Evaluation 13 What to Evaluate Evaluations can look at many different facets of development (table 1. They can give managers and policy makers information on what is working well and what is not in terms of meeting original or revised objectives. They can identify projects, programs, and policies for replication, scaling up, improvements, or possible termination. Weiss (2004) stresses the importance of identifying the intended uses for an evaluation from the initial planning stage. From beginning to end, the evaluation process should be designed and carried out according to the needs of the primary intended user. These primary users will bear responsibility for implementing change based on their involvement in the process or the evaluation findings. Indicators include the number of patients seen by specialists within four weeks of referral, the number of in-patient deaths, the number of direct obstetric deaths in the facility, and the number of in-patient days (Government of Malawi 2007). Regular provision of data on the indicators provides the minister of health with a trend line. A marked increase in the number of in-patient deaths, for example, may reflect a high hospital infection rate that needs to be reduced immediately.

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